What is Technology - About Information Technology

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What is Technology - About Information Technology
Technology (technoslogos), techne; make and logos; know what means. Help you comply with the requirements of human beings to be done or for the production of tools and equipment necessary knowledge and skill. Technology as a human activity, science and engineering has emerged on humanity.

What is Technology?
Its dictionary definition is "knowledge, systematic procedures to be implemented in the industry" technology, which means, broadly, the research, development, production, marketing, sales and after sales service is an industrial process involving the effective and efficient manner is all the knowledge and skills that can be used to carry out. Technological innovation, "Innovation in production processes, new products and new institutional forms of organization" is defined as.

In developed countries, product competition, competition has become a scientific and technological competence. Among the factors that determine competitiveness in the classic sense, an abundance of natural raw material sources, the main production factors such as cheap labor, while the advanced and specialized factors of production today has become decisive. Advanced production factors, skilled labor force, R & D infrastructure, a modern communication network and IT (information) contains the effective use of technology, featured production factors, knowledge and skills focused on specific areas of work include the accumulation of knowledge and experience with the power.

On the other hand, particularly electronics, energy, information technology, aerospace, bioengineering, such as organic chemical industries "based on science and technology" which is a combination of their defense industry sectors, the highest rates of value-added, and thus the highest branches of industry contributions to social welfare to emerge.

The Importance of Technology
Technology is producing the most significant element of industrialization. Technology can produce, if you can use the information in the design of the product's competitive advantage in trade, defense systems also provide deterrence. No one who beat him by doing something to someone else sanayileşmemiz and transfer of technology's development would not only according to the defense systems also sağlamamız deterrence is not possible. So the goal should be to generate own technology. Producing its own technology, industrialization, and the national economy, the country's engineering capability and provide the highest contribution to the national technology, you can prevent the brain drain.

Scientific knowledge, taking advantage of a brief to develop a new product technology, manufacturing and service support to ensure the necessary knowledge, skills and methods described as a whole. According to this, the phases required for the production of the original can be divided into four.

Or improve access to scientific knowledge *
* Knowledge to create a product advantage (the ability to design or technology)
* Designed to determine a product's production techniques (production technology)
* Production

Materials and equipment needed to develop a product, you will find a variety of sources. Therefore it is important to have the design capability. You can have the ability to design everything. Independence also comes after that.

Countries and the international race to determine the level of sophistication of technology, providing the owner of a huge commercial advantage. Üretebilenler technology and the nations of the world as divided into two parts üretemeyenler, nations are classified as less developed nations can not produce the technology.

In developed countries, product competition, competition has become a scientific and technological competence. Among the factors that determine competitiveness in the classic sense, an abundance of natural raw material sources, the main production factors such as cheap labor, while the advanced and specialized factors of production today has become decisive. Advanced production factors, skilled labor force, R & D infrastructure, a modern communication network and IT (information) contains the effective use of technology, featured production factors, knowledge and skills focused on specific areas of work include the accumulation of knowledge and experience with the power.

On the other hand, particularly electronics, energy, information technology, aerospace, bioengineering, such as organic chemical industries "based on science and technology" which is a combination of their defense industry sectors, the highest rates of value-added, and thus the highest branches of industry contributions to social welfare to emerge.
Developed and Developing Countries Scientific Research, Technology Development Studies and Production

The Relationship Between Technology
For this reason, today, countries, especially in science and technology infrastructures in these areas and their products by using this infrastructure, industrial processes, and thus ability to convert social well-being, both economically, politically and strategically important, should be preserved carefully considered national assets. Today, they have the scientific and technological knowledge, integrated processes and social welfare in the product failed to convert the integration of countries and countries in this process, the difference between the understanding and practice, is one of the important tools used in the definition of developed and developing countries.
Scientific research in developed countries, developed as a result of this research, new technologies and these technologies into new production processes and product technologies, nested, the following processes are emerging as each other. U.S., countries such as Germany and Japan are in this category.
In developing countries, integration of these processes is weak. Countries such as Turkey, with little contribution to world science literature, and even the former USSR, and India's contribution to world science literature, but this accumulation of high social welfare dönüştürememiş countries are considered as countries belonging to the second class.

In terms of scientific research in these countries, both in scientific and academic institutions, as well as scientists at the level of cooperation and participation in scientific studies, may be in close relations with the developed countries. However, these relationships and knowledge gained through the studies, because of the technology and developed mechanisms to transform the product of these countries in their development stage of these technologies are rarely met with new technologies, mostly after the convertion of these technologies in production and product technologies, "technology transfer" is made possible by . However, in this manner possessed technology to the development of new technologies to derivative "R & D / design technology", rather than as a product-specific "production technology as" should be evaluated.

The defense industry is an industry-based branch of science and technology, for developing countries is emerging as an opportunity to eliminate this negative situation. Defense systems procurement processes, as well as meet the needs of both the defense and the acquisition of critical technologies used to develop the country's technology infrastructure, successfully applied by developed countries is a method of integration of science-technology-production processes. Defense spending in our country devoted large resources, both in scientific research, new technology and new product development processes, the integration of production, as well as the establishment of mechanisms for this work translated into social welfare, defense industry as the basic platform will determine the most appropriate approach.

Advances in Science and Technology
20. century caught the golden age of science and technology development, human life has an indispensable convenience. Science does not show any time stationarity. Expands the boundaries of science, the truth emerges not as great as the world's thought.
Nowadays, with science advancing at the speed of olağanca sine qua non of human life has become one of. As a result of emerging technologies to facilitate the lives of science has succeeded in every field.
Have a strong relationship between science and technology, complement each other. Scientific studies have led to technological development by generating information available to the application of technological advances made in the scientific research by providing more suitable conditions, accelerates scientific progress.

Foundations of the Renaissance and thrown with the reform developments in science, scientific development have also disappeared trying to prevent all negative effects (such as the Church and the Effect of Religion).

People Leaving theological truths discovered in the problems related to their world and this world. It began as a result of developments over time have gained momentum in the scientific developments.
From the date of emergence of science and technology with the world they live in. yetinmemişlerdir people. Space had wondered, in order to solve the mysterious secrets of the universe is a journey, they entered into a working system. By the presence of liquid-fueled engines has been used as a means of transport aircraft, such as humans appears remote distances can now be eliminated. As a result, people's desire to go into space has increased well.
We define the space, sun, planets, moons, stars, galaxy, which includes numerous space. Unlimited space is found within each of these celestial bodies are the earth's surface dust particles. Philosophers of the space age, starting with the first identification of a large number of scientists have engaged in an effort. For example, the work on Galileo's science was celestial. Made observations with a telescope, the current line of research scientists has launched an investigation could not reach even that. In Kepler, the planets on their orbits made every effort to determine the elliptical movement has succeeded.

Today, however, lead to conflict between nations over the world attempt to reach into space, leads to a quick race.

"NASA has initiated plans to ride the first month. President John F. A special session on May 25 1961, Kennedy in his speech in Congress "within the next 10 years will do a man's foot to go and return to the world," he further accelerated these studies about the space program during the cold war, competing with the Soviet Union space spending for America set them apart from big budgets. Month for a long time continued to work for the agent to be sent into space. These studies made during the test flights of the NASA 3 astronotunu lost one. "

"Eventually, July 16 1969, Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Jr.. by Michael Collins, Apollo 11, carrying three astronauts, and go down in history began a journey of months. Apollo 11, entered orbit on 19 July months. Eagle (EAGLE) and Armstrong's module landed on the moon surface and successfully made history as the first man to set foot on moon. After Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin landed on the surface. The lunar dust samples, and the American flag on the moon some scientific experiments thorn to the world by successfully completing the two astronauts returned to their duties "

Discussions have also started the first month after the completion of the journey. At the end of this debate which focused on the issue of whether there is extraterrestrial life. For an environment to sustain human life; atmosphere, radiation and gravity must be present. The atmosphere is very important, especially for sustaining life.
Nitrogen by 78% in our world, there are 21% oxygen. There are only a small amount of gas in the air is not empty space. For this reason, air tanks in the vehicles have to travel to space. Space is completely cold. Man, however, can survive only within certain temperature criteria. For this reason the heating system should be spacecraft.

Mankind was naked in space, live up to 30 seconds without any permanent damage. Not exclusively her breath for 30 seconds in space does not fire the people, does not freeze and do not lose complete consciousness. The absence of oxygen will occur at the end of 30 seconds as a result of loss of consciousness. 1 or 2 minutes, then stops completely, and people lose their lives in the life activities.

Another problem of the gravity of the encounter in space. Decreases away from the world of gravity. There is a negative correlation between them. There is no space, so taking place.
Today, above all, being informed of the common goal of humanity, to make use of all possibilities of space. Modifying named Turksat are currently in space. Modifying the power of communication has grown rapidly thanks.
The easiest way to communicate through talking. Another way of expressing our feelings and desires of people opposing us of the gesture. But apart from these there are also yolarlı endian communication: Equestrian ambassadors, such as smoke, and doves.

In some villages in the Black Sea region, the scattered settlement patterns seen with the effect. Due to the distance between the remote odlundan people were constructing houses ıslıklarla communication. Each whistle tone refers to another sister. But the greater importance of communication within communities, not only for humans.
Technical tools that allow people to communicate remotely immediately after the French Revolution was in the process of development by the presence of the optical telegraph.

Communication era started in 1837 with the discovery of electric telegraph.

The phone was found by Graham Bell in 1876. Before the transmission of the human voice to spread between countries within the country and then gave. This concern has brought a lot of innovation. And then began to spread among the countries adopted the United States. 19. century to establish networks of interaction, interaction between human beings began to develop.

"For the first sound recording was made by Thomas Edison in 1877. The need for development in the last 20 years to obtain excellence in sound quality and recording system aims to violence "
People, no matter how far the distance between them has start-up easily communicate with each other. For example, a fax machine, a few minutes ago in Turkey, after a few minutes to publish a photo of publishing in New York or Tokyo.

20. The major development in computer technology yy'daki undoubtedly occurred. As a result of the establishment of the Internet network of computers and the internet, our homes, our workplaces and even managed to be up to our daily lives. Computer technology innovations and conveniences brought with it huge. For example, the computer as our lives waiting for hours before entering the bank for deposit transactions as soon as possible at the moment might perform transactions through the Internet.

We know that this technology will not end here, as long as people lived in the advance in technology. Many of the tools from the moment our lives will be like an illusion, and we will continue to simplify our lives.


Terms and Turkey Technology Development Opportunities
Science and technology is concerned, Turkey, where other countries within the system (in other OECD countries, or South Korea, Taiwan and other newly industrialized countries) is seen followed by a very different attitude. In considering the conditions and possibilities of technology development in Turkey, first, it is useful to reveal the difference.
The observed differences be collected at several points:

Turkey, and in this context of science and technology to upgrade the ability to dominate today's generic technologies, the base of these technologies 'innovation' ability to win, unlike other countries in the system, is not no hurry, and a lot of them have been left behind. Plane layers of society, nor the political parties, it is possible to get the impression that there is a concern for delayed. Political cadres, from time to time, the need for giving importance to science and technology vurgulamalarına, but this can only remain at the level of six empty political rhetoric, and indeed most of the time, although political considerations to the need of a premium getirmeyeceği, science and technology issues, the political agenda completely reduced.

This is clear evidence confirming the general observation:
All other countries in the system, implemented a national policy in the field of science and technology, national goals, national strategies and plans are followed to reach these goals.
In Turkey, any government or political program adopted and has been adopted as part of a program, not a national science and technology policy. This determination, in Turkey, the country's ability to increase science and technology does not mean that policy or strategy recommendations. There are suggestions, proposals are submitted to governments, but they become a political program, and life does not exceed dönüşmemekte. One of these creations, in the early 1980s, the Minister of State for coordination of the period, prepared with the participation of some 300 scientists and experts of Turkish Science Policy: 1983-2003. This document, for the first time, tried to put a detailed politikasıortaya science and technology. Here, the issue of technology as a main motif will be given priority technology areas are discussed and determined. This new approach, science and technology policies, the management of the economy and the elements involved in the regulation of social life in the major areas of activity (related ministers and senior bureaucrats, representatives of non-governmental organizations, etc.) has created a new institution, which allows determination of the participation of: the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST).

However, the Turkish Science Policy: 1983-2003 was never realized. Founded in 1983, but its first meeting on October 9th 1989, the latter can make the 3 February 1993, the operational kazandırılabildiği BTYK'ya uncollectable since then can not be said any more.

Currently, the official document on Science and Technology Policy in Turkey, the second meeting of the decision taken under BTYK'nın Turkish Science and Technology Policy: 1993-2003. Underlining should be noted that the board authorized the state level, a bill presented to him, this document, transformed into a decision to be implemented. Moreover, this policy document, which is expressed in the High Planning Council in early 1995 VII. Consideration of First Five-Year Plan Period Projected Basic Structural Change in the Scope of Projects in Science and Technology Breakthrough Project Working Committee Report (February 24, 1995) developed a concrete floor and VII of this project is sited. Constituted one of the main axes of the Five-Year Plan. But, the project, plan or document with pages taking a political commitment will realize there is a strong evidence of that was yet to emerge.

R & D activity in all countries included in the system, the maximum supported by the state, the state subsidy provided by the most area. But, Turkish teams going to watch matches abroad, including measures to encourage almost every field imaginable uygulayagelmiş Turkey, which only last year on June 1, 1995, R & D support in a range comparable to other ülkelerdekiyle başlatabilmiştir application. This, however, the regulatory provisions of the Uruguay Round Final Act and relevant EU legislation on state subsidies, have emerged within the framework of a harmonized approach, the internal dynamic, for example, is not the result of pressure from the industrial sector ...

Compared with other countries in the system, Turkey, its national 'innovation' system remains far behind in establishing, for the formation of this system, the efforts of some universities and institutions such as TÜBİTAK and outside TTGV the issue at the national level, taken as a whole and even, environment should be close to the subject for many, the concept itself is a known fact that even new.

All other countries in the system, the national 'innovation' which is an integral part of systems and Moreover, they themselves will carry the future information society, national information networks, and began to establish a framework of action plans-prepared master plans in these countries, the actual ownership of the business at the beginning of this breakthrough governments, political leaders assumed the Turkish political parties, associated with such an infrastructure and a national master plan on the need for it, yet do not have any clear idea (BTSTP, May 1995, TUBITAK, June 1995).

On the ability of science and technology development in Turkey, so a lot of other evidence to confirm the approach can be found in the non-susceptible. R & D expenditure as a share of GDP, total R & D expenditures of the private sector share of industry organizations, such as the number of scientists per 1000 active population, this situation proved by the data. But, without requiring the numerical data also point out here on the basis of the evidence, between Turkey and other countries within the same economic system, the fundamental difference in approach to the issue of science and technology can be put forward: this difference is the ability to upgrade the country's science and technology to capture the world technology the idea of ​​Turkey, especially in the industrial segment, owned by the idea of ​​society has not become directly involved at the düğümlenmektedir enough layers. Is why this is so, the idea of ​​political parties and political power-plane is not very possible to find the owner.
If you come with this idea in Turkey can be considered as a social layer, for example, the industrial sector, it had been doing, by definition, this idea is reflected in the political arena and in this matter could have at least one party's political program, I think we have the right, I think. You come here the point is very clear: as long as the relevant community is not converted into a target katmanlarınca owned, Turkey's ability to upgrade the technology of the era of generic technology base of the 'innovation' ability to win and technology to capture the world title or subject-speaking, Turkey, as technology develop- macro plan, which requires a multilateral and comprehensive regulations is not possible to perform a quantum leap.
In summary, the prerequisite for technology development in Turkey, that, particularly in the industrial sector, the community becomes a target and this target katmanlarınca adopted kabullenilen public at large segments of the transformation of a political program.

Is it possible the realization of this pre-condition?
Question is an extremely important role in this regard, especially in the industrial sector can be given in terms of a response?

Lately, some parts of the industry, in R & D orientation of a particular approach, some say that a movement is possible. These groups, in particular, the production methods used to gain the ability to make or produce the product innovation (it talents they have such a development) is observed in the direction in which a serious effort. Companies who have their own R & D units. Industry organizations will be provided by the state for project-based support for R & D expenditures, industry sectors that created a wide interest and a fact that has caused a stir. However, in addition to these improvements, many industrial enterprises in Turkey, foreign companies, especially companies in the EU, there are bonds of partnership from the past or have a certain bulunduklarını integration and search capabilities they need, rather than technology development in Turkey, the requirements of foreign Through its partners towards meeting followed a strategy should not be ignored. This kind of R & D units established in Turkey in some organizations, generally, foreign partners' own R & D network, as the only unit where a subcontractor is known. Moreover, the Customs Union to secure their market shares and the conditions they need for it to obtain the technology, the rapid increase in the number of domestic firms to foreign companies a real marriage.

This table provides sought emerging industrial sector is a prerequisite?
Indigenous approaches to industrial companies on international marriages and marriage certificates, signed a significant impact on the answer to this problem is certain that their contents. But, the point to keep in mind, the issue of science and technology, in fact, all strata of society and ilgilendirdiğidir very closely. Subject is everyone's business because of competence in science and technology, not only of domestic industry, all of a country's position and determine the future of international arenadeki. In this regard, sought to provide pre-condition, all aspects of the subject of science and technology will have to politicize this issue and depends on the social intelligence to produce.


The Role of Technology in Education
If the shape of the technology presented above is detected, the technology also holds an important place in human life very easily understood. Theme of this reason not to use or not use technology, how technology in human life will be in a place and position. This is an important issue on the work and the organization has been a lot of valuable people.

1. Herbert Simon's own artificial inner world of technology, the external environment (nature) sees itself as an interface.

2. Carnegie Commission on this issue have concluded as follows: "Technology is a support role in teaching, the aims of education should not be made.
Be trying to use technology or technology because there is just stay out of age should not have such a fear. We use advanced technology in education do not believe that alone is enough to achieve satisfaction and success. Many courses in the period of a few-hour tech support is good enough. Some lessons for the technology, more than half of the time available, but we all need support at a time such a technology is less than the number of lessons almost non-existent

3. Discuss technological developments affecting the education too many publications, articles are available. Among them was striking down those who.
a) the alphabet, knowledge of human beings to share, save, and store has been a vehicle for the intellectual. The invention of paper and writing instruments, has initiated a process done more easily with transactions conducted with the help of the alphabet. The book, consisting of many pages with different designs, can be considered as a tool in which to present the information in a sequence. In short, books, technical terms, the television, the computer is a tool that has a different structure, such as the information you want to give. After the invention of the printing press, books became more widespread, a vehicle can reach almost everyone. Both students and the teacher's blackboard at the same time allows you to work on the same subject is one of the first class communication tools. School bus transportation of students in remote locations and places of education thus be seen as a teaching tool in order to provide appropriate educational environment.
b) The Engler sees the technology as an integral part of education. It says: "if all aspects of training teachers, students, and the environment is seen as a communications network, then it is understandable that educational technology is an important task in defining these relationships"
c) Indiana University approach to technology education teacher Robert Heinich expressed as follows:

"Peter said in an article Drucker'in largely been misunderstood and briefly in this article read as follows:-learning and teaching, new methods, no other life stages will be affected so deeply affected. The most conservative man in this old art of teaching, new approaches, methods and tools are needed. With these new methods, teachers will be more effective in increasing the skills and competencies. This way of teaching, yet uyduramamış traditional art with the car today, though, will make it possible to an ordinary person 's superior performance. - Wrong talking about it because after reading this article many educators shake their heads and used vehicles will increase the success of learning within the class will think through . But there really is to say, an ordinary man's use of education technology, but superior performance, or use advanced technology alone is not adequate.

Technology Applications in Education
Promise of useful applications at various levels, and reviewing these applications, opinions and comments towards optimism or pessimism is shifting dodge.

1. Engler says the status of educational technology in 1972: "The right question can be said about the current teaching methods that they are old technology. The book, chalk, such as the main teaching tools and methods the teacher used a very long time. Today, teachers are better prepared, better designed and better written books, and crayons are used, but the meanings of these tools, functions, and the student has remained unchanged for a century. Also during this time, the teaching on how to implement there has not been any major change. Teaching is still teacher-centered, textbook-based group-specific and are prepared and implemented. This method is in the 19th century spread from Britain and America to undergo many changes Lancastrian model is a continuation of one and a half a century, despite the logic of industrial production as a result of this model in education remains tied to the tradition of mass production

2. U.S. Agency for International Development'dan Clifford H. Block, the British government has undertaken a large-scale attempt to distance education interpreted the following way: "Television, radio and mail the effective use of communication tools such as the BBC's production capabilities, educational technology, instructional design group assigned to the perfect success, and unlike a normal university course / 65 000 student of the subject content of the British Open University University (British Open University), Britain's largest university and one of the world's leading universities. Graduates of this faculty, well-trained and intellectually highly enough because of socio-cultural life of the British get the means to have an important place "